ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ . ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ? Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
1. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ:
1.1 Π‘ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°-ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΒ», ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ 99,5% ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³, Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
1.2 ΠΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΡ, Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ.
1.3 ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
1.4 Π₯Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ².
1.5 ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ·Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ
Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ.
2. Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ:
2.1 ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΉ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ².
2.2 ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ β ΠΎΡ 1 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎ 100 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅.
2.3 Gram and Kilogram Gold Bars
Gold bars are available in various sizes, from as small as 1 gram up to 1 kilogram. Smaller bars are often chosen by individual investors looking for flexibility, while larger bars, such as the 1 kilogram bar, are favored by institutional investors for their bulk value.
2.4 Good Delivery Gold Bars
These bars meet the specifications set by the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) and are primarily used in international trade and by central banks. They typically weigh around 400 troy ounces and are known for their purity and uniformity, but they may not be ideal for individual investors due to their size and value.
3. Key Factors to Consider When Investing in Gold Bars
3.1 Purity and Weight
Purity is a significant factor when buying gold bars. Investment-grade gold is generally 99.5% pure or higher, often referred to as β.995 fine.β The weight of the bar also influences its cost; larger bars typically offer a lower cost per gram of gold compared to smaller ones. Beginners should assess their investment budget and select the size and purity that best aligns with their goals.
3.2 Dealer Reputation
Choosing a reputable dealer is crucial. Reliable dealers provide certification and authenticity for each bar, ensuring the purity and legitimacy of your purchase. When purchasing from online platforms, verify dealer reviews, check certifications, and look for membership in professional associations like the LBMA.
3.3 Storage Options
Gold bars require secure storage, given their high value. You can choose between:
- Home Safes: Offers immediate access but may require additional insurance.
- Bank Vaults or Safety Deposit Boxes: Secure but may incur monthly fees.
- Dedicated Precious Metals Storage Facilities: Professional security, insurance, and accessibility, though more expensive.
3.4 Certification and Authenticity
Ensure that the gold bars you buy come with certificates of authenticity, often marked with the barβs purity, weight, and serial number. Some reputable brands, such as PAMP Suisse and Valcambi, are known for high-quality, certified gold bars.
4. Pros and Cons of Investing in Gold Bars
4.1 Pros
- High Purity and Reliability: Gold bars offer a standard of quality and reliability thatβs universally recognized.
- Security During Economic Uncertainty: Gold bars are often the go-to asset during times of financial crisis.
- Tangibility and Privacy: Gold is a physical asset thatβs privately held and easily stored.
4.2 Cons
- Volatility: Gold prices can fluctuate, impacting short-term investments.
- Storage and Insurance Costs: Storing gold bars securely can be costly, especially for large quantities.
- Lack of Passive Income: Unlike stocks or real estate, gold does not generate income.
5. How to Buy Gold Bars Safely
5.1 Determine Your Investment Goals
Are you looking for a long-term investment, a hedge against inflation, or a quick-return asset? Your goals will determine the size and type of gold bars to purchase.
5.2 Compare Dealer Prices
Gold bars are sold by weight, but premiums vary between dealers. Check multiple sources and compare prices, including shipping, insurance, and handling fees.
5.3 Verify Authenticity and Certification
Ask for authenticity certificates and inspect them for hallmarks, purity ratings, and unique serial numbers. Reputable brands like Perth Mint and Credit Suisse are known for their reliable certification.
5.4 Store Your Gold Bars Securely
Consider professional storage facilities, especially for large quantities, to ensure your investment remains safe and secure.
6. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Gold Bar Investment
1. Is investing in gold bars profitable in the long term?
Yes, gold has historically maintained its value over time, making it a reliable choice for long-term wealth preservation. Gold bars specifically offer high purity and are widely accepted, adding to their value for future resale.
2. Whatβs the best size of gold bar for a beginner investor?
Beginners may start with smaller bars, such as 1-gram or 10-gram bars, as these are affordable and provide flexibility. Larger bars, like 1 kilogram, are better suited for seasoned investors due to their higher upfront cost.
3. Are gold bars a better investment than gold coins?
Gold bars generally offer a lower premium over the spot price than coins, making them ideal for investors focused on maximizing gold value. However, coins can carry collectible value, which appeals to certain buyers.
4. Where can I sell my gold bars when Iβm ready?
Gold bars can be sold through reputable dealers, bullion exchanges, or auction sites. Having certification and good condition bars will help maximize resale value.
5. Is there a risk of counterfeit gold bars?
ΠΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ.